FUNDAMENTALS OF EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING BY ELNASHAI, A.S. AND SARNO

CONTENTS

1 Earthquake Characteristics 11.1 Causes of Earthquakes 11.1.1 Plate Tectonics Theory 11.1.2 Faulting 61.1.3 Seismic Waves 9
1.2 Measuring Earthquakes 141.2.1 Intensity 151.2.2 Magnitude 181.2.3 Intensity–Magnitude Relationships 24
1.3 Source-to-Site Effects 251.3.1 Directional Effects 261.3.2 Site Effects 271.3.3 Dispersion and Incoherence 30
1.4 Effects of Earthquakes 321.4.1 Damage to Buildings and Lifelines 341.4.2 Effects on the Ground 361.4.3 Human and Financial Losses 40
References 442 Response of Structures 472.1 General 47
2.2 Conceptual Framework 472.2.1 Defi nitions 472.2.2 Strength-versus Ductility-Based Response 48
vi Contents2.2.3 Member-versus System-Level Consideration 492.2.4 Nature of Seismic Effects 512.2.5 Fundamental Response Quantities 532.2.6 Social-Economic Limit States 54
2.3 Structural Response Characteristics 562.3.1 Stiffness 562.3.2 Strength 732.3.3 Ductility 852.3.4 Overstrength 1012.3.5 Damping 1062.3.6 Relationship between Strength, Overstrength and Ductility:
Force Reduction Factor ‘Supply’ 111
References 1153 Earthquake Input Motion 1193.1 General 119
3.2 Earthquake Occurrence and Return Period 119
3.3 Ground-Motion Models (Attenuation Relationships) 1223.3.1 Features of Strong-Motion Data for Attenuation Relationships 1243.3.2 Attenuation Relationship for Europe 1253.3.3 Attenuation Relationship for Japan 1263.3.4 Attenuation Relationships for North America 1273.3.5 Worldwide Attenuation Relationships 128
3.4 Earthquake Spectra 1293.4.1 Factors Influencing Response Spectra 1293.4.2 Elastic and Inelastic Spectra 1303.4.3 Simplifi ed Spectra 1373.4.4 Force Reduction Factors (Demand) 1443.4.5 Design Spectra 1503.4.6 Vertical Component of Ground Motion 1523.4.7 Vertical Motion Spectra 153
3.5 Earthquake Records 1553.5.1 Natural Records 1553.5.2 Artifi cial Records 1593.5.3 Records Based on Mathematical Formulations 1603.5.4 Scaling of Earthquake Records 161
3.6 Duration and Number of Cycles of Earthquake Ground Motions 168
3.7 Use of Earthquake Databases 173
3.8 Software for Deriving Spectra and Generation of Ground-Motion Records 1743.8.1 Derivation of Earthquake Spectra 1753.8.2 Generation of Ground-Motion Records 178
References 1794 Response Evaluation 1854.1 General 185
4.2 Conceptual Framework 185
4.3 Ground Motion and Load Modelling 186
4.4 Seismic Load Combinations 189
Contents vii4.5 Structural Modelling 1914.5.1 Materials 1944.5.2 Sections 2004.5.3 Components and Systems for Structural Modelling 2034.5.4 Masses 217
4.6 Methods of Analysis 2204.6.1 Dynamic Analysis 2224.6.2 Static Analysis 2324.6.3 Simplifi ed Code Method 239
4.7 Performance Levels and Objectives 244
4.8 Output for Assessment 2494.8.1 Actions 2504.8.2 Deformations 251
4.9 Concluding Remarks 257

References 258